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Publishers controlled everything about these books, from cover art to content, with authors unaware of changes made (Micham). Laura Micham, Duke University librarian and archivist, who worked extensively with many of these books, explains that queer pulps were written in a 9 to 5 desk-job setting, with authors focused on quantity rather than quality.
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These cheaply produced novels depicted gay or lesbian relationships (Bronski 677). Following these legal victories, authors began producing a type of novels known as queer pulp fiction (“Gay American Pulps”). Supreme Court rulings to change the longstanding censorship laws (“Gay American Pulps”). Queer Pulp Fiction To Queer Literary Fiction It was at this time that some queer characters in fiction began to become somewhat visible (Hugh 626), but mainstream romance was still years away from accepting gay romantic relationships. One writer for the popular magazine Rolling Stone suggests they did so to avoid social ostracization back home, leading to “large and visible gay communities San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York” (Benes). Scores of these discharged soldiers opted to stay in these locations. During WWII, soldiers dishonorably discharged for homosexuality were dumped into big port cities (Stryker 11). The nature of questions asked during screenings made some men realize their sexual orientation (Stryker 11), and many enlisted had their first sexual experiences while serving (Benes). Draft boards began screening for homosexuals to expedite discharges for soldiers suspected of sodomy (Benes). World War II brought big changes to the queer community. So while heterosexual sex on the page was banned, so were same-sex couples holding hands. It also included materials with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) content of any kind (Bronski 679). Vague terminology allowed for a wide range of “sexually explicit” materials to be banned, including scientific works on contraception and sexual education, as well as pornographic materials (Horowitz 30). American censorship laws limited their portrayal in the decades prior (Bronski 679).įrom 1873 (Rosenfield 28) up into the 1950s and ‘60s, the US government censored published materials for “obscene content” (Bronski 679) under the Comstock Act (Rosenfield 28). While the gay romance subgenre wasn’t introduced in mainstream publishing until 2009 (Whalen 4), gay relationships have been portrayed in published works since the 1950s and ‘60s. To understand the emergence and eroticization of gay romance in recent years, it is important to trace mainstream publishing’s portrayal of gay romantic relationships through the years. Ergo, sex doesn’t inherently make a piece of work erotic it is erotic when the story itself is dependent on sex. An “erotic romance,” however, focuses on the development of a romantic relationship through sex, while “sexy romance” works contain explicit sex scenes, such as oral or penetrative sex, that aren’t inherent to the development of the relationship (Day). The blog All About Romance corroborates this fact, explaining how erotic novels are sometimes incorrectly packaged as romance (Marble). These novels do not necessarily have to develop a romantic relationship or provide characters with a Happy Ever After: two intrinsic parts of a romantic novel. “Erotica” refers to novels that focus on how character’s “sexual journey” influences their development as people. Bestselling romance author Sylvia Day outlines the difference between many of these terms on her website.Īccording to Day, “Porn” is produced to induce orgasm in the consumer. This post will trace the history of erotic stories that preceded gay romance, and the eroticization of the gay subgenre since its inception.īefore continuing, it’s necessary to define what erotica and similar terms mean in the context of mainstream romance fiction, or romance stories published by major publishing houses. While these stories have a wide range of sexual contact included, some people today expect gay romances to be more erotic than their heterosexual counterparts (Suede). al), is a subgenre of romance consisting of stories focused on the romantic relationship between two men.
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Gay romance, which has often gone by the name Male/Male (M/M) due to its fan fiction origins (Brooks et.